non-religious. Throughout history
those who received the opportunity to play
the role of ruler (khilafat-e-arzi), can be classed
into three groups:
The rulers who used religion as the basis of
their rule: It
that is good lies in
Your hands. You have the power to will anything” (3: 26).
This means khilafat-e-arzi or political rule is not the monopoly of
any group. It is a role that God, in accordance with His
The Muslim empire was established in the 8th
century CE. This was a sign that the role of
khilafat-e arzi had now been given to Muslims.
This role was to end the system of kingship of
the ancient type
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